The method offering the most reasonable and optimized combination of safe ty, economics, and mining recovery is then chosen. Basic patterns of drill holes employed in opencast mines. Mining method selection is one of the most critical and problematic activities of mining engineering. In botswana the current jwaneng and orapa open pits might economically sustain massive underground mining operations.
The different types of grout employed and te approach to design of typical. Underground mining systems mine 205 a required course for b. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of factors and these include. Underhand cut and fill mining as practiced in three deep. The choice of an underground mining method depends on a range of. Underground hardrock mine design and planning bibliotheque et. Description of mining methods shrinkage stoping shrinkage stoping is applicable to ore zones that are dipping at least 55 degrees and that range in width from roughly 1. Ventilation is an important consideration in underground mining.
Underground mining is the process of extracting minerals and ores that are located too far underground to be mined efficiently using surface mining methods. Underground mining methods and equipment for bedded deposits and ore bodies. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. Underhand cut and fill mining methods are used at the lucky friday, stillwater, and galena mines in the western us in an effort to safely mine in difficult ground conditions and as a primary mining method where access below the ore is limited. This mining method is competitive with most opencut coal mining operations and allows the extraction of coal resources beyond the reach of conventional opencut mines. Pdf underground mining methods download full pdf book. Chapter 1 underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Mining is the process of excavating a material which is naturally occurring from the earth to get profit. Underground construction techniques civil engineering. In combination, these factors allow us to determine an appropriate arrangement and sequence for.
Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is. One of such methods is the bord and pillar method of mining. Geotechnical considerations in underground mining department of industry and resources guideline document no zme723qt 1. Grouting for ground water control in underground mining. In underground mining, development required to reach. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies.
Requires a reasonably uniform distribution of grade and a high degree of. However, ever since the introduction of continuous miners in the late 1940s, roomandpillar continuous mining has been gaining ground over conventional roomandpillar mining. Surface mining tt coal produced underground mining tt coal produced mining techniques contour area conventional longwall liquid effluents 0. This is especially true of todays longwall coal operations which have an enormous appetite for fast drivage, but the hard rock sector too is. Underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st. We have extensive global underground mine engineering and operating experience across most major commodities and mining methods. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. Excavated rock is taken to the surface with gold ore taken to strathalbyn and rock without gold mullock is stored on the surface before being progressively returned to. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Local conditions will form the basis for choosing the appropriate mining method. Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on many technological, economic, and social factors.
Pdf underground mining method selection using wpm and. Mining methods in underground mining second edition 2007. Individual mines daily production ranges from tons to 30000 tons. For underground mines the mining rate is typically less than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd. Mining method selection and transition depth determination problems. The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted. Exploring abandoned mines and unusual places 1,667,926 views.
It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Bord and pillar method of mining is one of the oldest methods of mining. Applicable to both metalliferousmining in hardrock and coal mining in soft rock. Classic absorption estimations are usually made using an impedance tube or conducting t60 measurements. Modern mines require ever faster development methods. Impedance tube testing is an inappropriate method in determining underground absorption coefficients due to the. Work is in progress to take the venetia open pit underground. The enclosing waste rock must be competent and not subject to failure so that when the ore is drawn from the stope, dilution is kept to a minimum. It consists of selected material from the outofprint industry standard, underground mining methods handbook. By comparison, the manual schedule was completed in 10 days. A numerical rating for each mining method is arrived at by summing these rankings. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. The alternative is to use manual labor to recover highgrade ore.
Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies details. Purchase underground mining methods and technology, volume 1 1st edition. The abundance of minerals also provides a method of creating wealth. Pdf mining methods underground mining mayra garcia. In the following sections of this paper the various groundwater problems and methods of grout treatment are addressed in some detail. Underground method is used when ore body is thin or narrow and extends much below surface newman et al. Underground mining is used when an economically viable deposit is situated su ciently deep such that open pit mining is cost prohibitive. However, due to the manual and hazardous nature of the. Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. By the new stone age,humans had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2 to 3 ft 0. System analysis and simulation of narrow vein mining. For example, dieselpowered equipment is important in many mining systems, and fresh air is required both for combustion and to dilute exhaust contaminants. The advantages and disadvantages of the areadragline method combine the.
The hazardous nature of small scale underground mining in. More than 40 chapters covering such underground mining topics as sampling, planning, reserve analysis, cost calculations, various methods of support, block and panel caving, and sublevel caving make up this comprehensive text. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Typically, underground mine has less environmental impact.
The nicholas methodology follows a numerical approach to rate different mining methods based on the rankings of specific input parameters. This book presents the latest mining principles and techniques in use today. Production can start in the open pit while preparing for the underground operation. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. Types of underground mining and their applications youtube. Grab sampling for underground gold mine grade control by s. Underground mine design, planning, and engineering srk. The channel tunnel, london underground, british library, and various shopping centre are all examples of underground construction.
Mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials. However, the block caving method can achieve mining rates much greater than 20,000 tpd. Choice of an underground mining method is often closely related to the geology of the deposit and degree of ground support necessary to make the. Pdf download underground mining methods engineering. Reflecting the importance of ground support, underground mining methods are categorized in three classes on the basis of the extent of support required. It is also possible to combine the two in a single operation. Figure f1 schematic of a roomandpillar coal mine section. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. The method has evolved at each mine to meet the unique situations associated with their milling procedure. The raw coal mined from the merge mining has been classified as high volatile bituminous coal with moderatetolow ash, lowtomedium sulphur content, and high calorific value. Gohar area 3 iron ore deposit is to combine openpit and underground methods. The birdinhand gold mine will be developed utilising conventional drill and blast mining methods to progress a tunnel to the ore. Pdf download underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and international case studies download full ebook.
These are the methods techniques employed when the depth of the deposit,the stripping ratio of the overburden to ore,or both becomes excessive to surface exploitation. System analysis and simulation of narrow vein mining method with underground preconcentration mario morin, andrew bamber, malcolm scoble department of mining engineering. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide.
The backfill underground serves to keep the mine walls stable and also as the floor for mining the next slice. Pdf the aim of this paper is to represent the solution to the problem of selecting suitable underground mining method for the mining industry. Longwall mining is a highly mechaniz ed underground mining sys tem for mining coal. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. The primary objective of underground mining is to extract ore safely and economically while minimizing handling of waste rock. Optimizing the open pittounderground mining transition. In addition to the obvious requirement of providing fresh air for those working underground, there are other demands. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods. In 2007, freeport mcmoran merged with phelps dodge. Abstract the application of underground preconcentration technology to narrow vein mining has the potential to change the.
Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. Generally, the goal of grab sampling is to try and reconcile the mined grade at the ore source to. The ultimate goals of mining method selection are to maximize company profit, maximize recovery of the mineral resources and provide a safe environment for the miners by selecting the method with the least problems among the feasible alternatives. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies.
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